Ingufu zikoreshwa mubikorwa bya electrolytike ya aluminiyumu ku isi biterwa n'umutungo wa buri karere.Muri byo, amakara n'amashanyarazi bingana na 85% by'ingufu zikoreshwa.Mu musaruro wa aluminium ya electrolytike ku isi, ibihingwa bya aluminiyumu ya electrolytike muri Aziya, Oseyaniya na Afurika ahanini bishingiye ku kubyara amashanyarazi, kandi inganda za aluminiyumu ya electrolytike mu Burayi no muri Amerika y'Epfo ahanini zishingiye ku mashanyarazi.Utundi turere dushingiye kubiranga umutungo, kandi ingufu zikoreshwa na aluminium electrolytike nazo ziratandukanye.Kurugero, Isilande ikoresha ingufu za geothermal, Ubufaransa bukoresha ingufu za kirimbuzi, naho uburasirazuba bwo hagati bukoresha gaze karemano kubyara amashanyarazi.
Dukurikije uko umwanditsi abibona, mu 2019, umusaruro wa aluminium electrolytike ku isi wari toni miliyoni 64.33, naho imyuka ya karuboni ikaba toni miliyari 1.052.Kuva mu 2005 kugeza 2019, imyuka yose ya karuboni ku isi yose ya aluminiyumu ya electrolytike yiyongereye kuva kuri toni miliyoni 555 igera kuri toni miliyari 1.052, yiyongera kuri 89.55%, naho kwiyongera kwa 4.36%.
1. Ingaruka za "karubone ebyiri" ku nganda za aluminium
Dukurikije ibigereranyo, guhera mu 2019 kugeza 2020, amashanyarazi yo mu gihugu ya aluminium electrolytike azaba arenga 6% by'amashanyarazi mu gihugu.Dukurikije amakuru ya Baichuan, muri 2019, 86% by’umusaruro wa aluminium wa electrolytike yo mu gihugu ukoresha ingufu z’ubushyuhe nkaaluminium, Ubwubatsi bwa aluminium umwirondoron'ibindi.Nk’uko imibare ya Antaike ibigaragaza, mu mwaka wa 2019, imyuka yose ya karuboni ya dioxyde de carbone y’inganda ya aluminiyumu ya electrolytike yari hafi toni miliyoni 412, bingana na 4% by’igihugu cya karuboni ya dioxyde de toni miliyari 10 muri uwo mwaka.Imyuka ya aluminiyumu ya electrolytike yari hejuru cyane ugereranije n’ibindi byuma ndetse n’ibikoresho bitari ibyuma.
Uruganda rwamashanyarazi rwonyine rwonyine nicyo kintu nyamukuru kiganisha kuri karuboni nyinshi ya aluminium ya electrolytike.Ihuriro ry'amashanyarazi ya aluminium electrolytike igabanijwemo ingufu z'amashanyarazi no kubyara amashanyarazi.Gukoresha ingufu zumuriro kugirango ubyare toni 1 ya aluminium electrolytike izasohora toni zigera kuri 11.2 za dioxyde de carbone, kandi gukoresha hydropower kugirango ubyare toni 1 ya aluminium electrolytike bizasohora dioxyde de carbone hafi ya zero.
Uburyo bwo gukoresha amashanyarazi yumusaruro wa aluminium electrolytike mugihugu cyanjye ugabanijwemo amashanyarazi yihaye n'amashanyarazi.Mu mpera za 2019, igipimo cy’amashanyarazi yihaye mu nganda za aluminiyumu ya electrolytike yo mu ngo cyari hafi 65%, byose bikaba byari amashanyarazi;igipimo cy’amashanyarazi cyari hafi 35%, muri byo amashanyarazi y’amashanyarazi agera kuri 21% naho amashanyarazi meza asukuye agera kuri 14%.
Dukurikije imibare ya Antaike, mu rwego rwo kugabanya ingufu za “14th Five-Year-Plan” yo kuzigama no kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, imiterere y’ingufu z’ubushobozi bw’inganda za aluminium electrolytike izahinduka bimwe mu bihe biri imbere, cyane cyane nyuma y’umushinga uteganijwe gukorwa na aluminium ya electrolytike. ubushobozi mu Ntara ya Yunnan bwashyizwe mu bikorwa byuzuye, igipimo cy’ingufu zisukuye zikoreshwa kiziyongera cyane, kuva kuri 14% muri 2019 kigere kuri 24%.Hamwe nogutezimbere muri rusange imiterere yingufu zimbere mu gihugu, imiterere yingufu zinganda za electrolytike ya aluminium izarushaho kunozwa.
2. Amashanyarazi ya aluminium azagenda agabanuka buhoro buhoro
Mugihe igihugu cyanjye cyiyemeje kutabogama kwa karubone, ingufu zumuriro "gucika intege" bizaba inzira.Nyuma yo gushyira mu bikorwa amafaranga y’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere hamwe n’amabwiriza akomeye, ibyiza by’amashanyarazi byigenga birashobora gucika intege.
Kugirango ugereranye neza itandukaniro ryibiciro biterwa n’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, hafatwa ko ibiciro by’ibindi bicuruzwa nka anode yabanje gutekwa na fluor ya aluminium ari bimwe, naho igiciro cyo gucuruza imyuka ya karubone ni 50 Yuan / toni.Amashanyarazi nubushyuhe bikoreshwa mugukora toni 1 ya aluminium ya electrolytike.Itandukaniro rya imyuka ya karubone ihuza toni 11.2, naho itandukaniro ry’ibiciro bya karuboni hagati yibi ni 560 yuan / toni.
Vuba aha, hamwe n’izamuka ry’ibiciro by’amakara mu gihugu, impuzandengo y’amashanyarazi y’amashanyarazi yihaye ni 0.305 yuan / kWt, naho ikigereranyo cy’amashanyarazi mu gihugu ni 0.29 gusa / kilowati.Igiciro cyose cya aluminiyumu kuri toni yinganda zitanga amashanyarazi ni 763 yuan ugereranije n’amashanyarazi.Bitewe nigiciro kinini, ibyinshi mubikorwa bishya bya aluminiyumu ya electrolytike yigihugu cyanjye biherereye mubice bikungahaye ku mashanyarazi mu karere k’amajyepfo y’iburengerazuba, kandi aluminiyumu y’amashanyarazi izagenda ihinduka buhoro buhoro mu gihe kizaza.
3. Ibyiza bya hydropower aluminium biragaragara cyane
Amashanyarazi ningufu zihenze cyane zidafite ingufu mu gihugu cyanjye, ariko iterambere ryayo ni rito.Muri 2020, ingufu z’amashanyarazi mu gihugu cyanjye zizagera kuri miliyoni 370 kilowatt, bingana na 16.8% by’ibikoresho byose byashyizwemo ingufu z’amashanyarazi, kandi ni umutungo wa kabiri mu mbaraga zisanzwe zikoreshwa nyuma y’amakara.Ariko, hariho "igisenge" mugutezimbere amashanyarazi.Nkurikije ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe n’umutungo w’amashanyarazi w’igihugu, ubushobozi bw’iterambere ry’amashanyarazi mu gihugu cyanjye butageze kuri miliyoni 700 kilowat, kandi umwanya w’iterambere uzaza ni muto.Nubwo iterambere ry’amashanyarazi rishobora kongera igipimo cy’ingufu zidafite ingufu ku rugero runaka, iterambere rinini ry’amashanyarazi rigarukira ku nkunga yatanzwe.
Kugeza ubu, ingufu z'amashanyarazi muri iki gihe ni uko imishinga mito y'amashanyarazi ifunzwe, kandi imishinga minini y'amashanyarazi iragoye kuyongeraho.Amashanyarazi asanzwe afite ingufu za aluminium electrolytike azahinduka inyungu yibiciro bisanzwe.Mu Ntara ya Sichuan honyine, hari sitasiyo ntoya 968 zigomba gukurwaho no gufungwa, hagomba gukosorwa sitasiyo ntoya 4705 n’amashanyarazi, sitasiyo ntoya 41 zafunzwe mu mujyi wa Quanzhou, mu Ntara ya Fujian, naho sitasiyo 19 ntoya zafunzwe. mu Ntara ya Fangxian, Umujyi wa Shiyan, Intara ya Hubei.Amashanyarazi na Xi'an, Shaanxi yahagaritse sitasiyo ntoya 36, n'ibindi. Nk’uko imibare ituzuye, sitasiyo ntoya irenga 7000 izafungwa mu mpera za 2022. Kubaka sitasiyo nini nini bisaba kwimuka, kubaka igihe muri rusange ni kirekire, kandi biragoye kubaka mugihe gito.
4. Aluminiyumu yongeye gukoreshwa izahinduka icyerekezo cyiterambere
Umusaruro wa aluminium ya electrolytike urimo ibyiciro 5: ubucukuzi bwa bauxite, umusaruro wa alumina, gutegura anode, umusaruro wa aluminium electrolytike na aluminium ingot.Ingufu zikoreshwa muri buri cyiciro ni: 1%, 21%, 2%, 74%.na 2%.Umusaruro wa aluminium ya kabiri urimo ibyiciro 3: kwitegura, gushonga no gutwara.Ingufu zikoreshwa muri buri cyiciro ni 56%, 24% na 20%.
Dukurikije ibigereranyo, ingufu zikoreshwa mu gutanga toni 1 ya aluminiyumu yongeye gukoreshwa ni 3% kugeza 5% gusa yo gukoresha ingufu za aluminium electrolytike.Irashobora kandi kugabanya gutunganya imyanda ikomeye, imyanda y’amazi n’ibisigazwa by’imyanda, kandi umusaruro wa aluminiyumu itunganijwe neza ufite ibyiza bigaragara byo kuzigama ingufu no kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya.Byongeye kandi, kubera imbaraga zikomeye zo kwangirika kwa aluminium, usibye bimwe mubikoresho bya chimique nibikoresho bikozwe muri aluminium, aluminiyumu ntishobora kwangirika mugihe cyo kuyikoresha, hamwe nigihombo gito cyane, kandi irashobora gukoreshwa inshuro nyinshi.Kubwibyo, aluminiyumu irashobora gukoreshwa cyane, kandi gukoresha aluminiyumu isakaye kugirango ikore aluminiyumu ifite inyungu zubukungu kuruta aluminium electrolytike.
Mu bihe biri imbere, hamwe nogutezimbere ubuziranenge nubukanishi bwibikoresho bya aluminiyumu yongeye gukoreshwa ndetse no guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga rya casting, gukoresha aluminiyumu itunganijwe bizagenda byinjira buhoro buhoro mu bwubatsi, itumanaho, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki n’ipakira, no gukoresha aluminiyumu itunganyirizwa mu inganda zitwara ibinyabiziga nazo zizakomeza kwaguka..
Inganda ya kabiri ya aluminiyumu ifite ibiranga kuzigama umutungo, kugabanya guterwa hanze yumutungo wa aluminium, kurengera ibidukikije nibyiza byubukungu.Iterambere ryiza ry’inganda ya kabiri ya aluminiyumu, ifite agaciro gakomeye mu bukungu, imibereho myiza n’ibidukikije, ryatewe inkunga kandi rishyigikirwa cyane na politiki y’igihugu, kandi rizaba intsinzi nini mu rwego rwo kutabogama kwa karubone.
Ugereranije na aluminiyumu ya electrolytike, umusaruro wa aluminiyumu wa kabiri uzigama cyane ubutaka, umutungo w'amashanyarazi, ushishikarizwa na politiki y'igihugu, kandi unatanga amahirwe yo kwiteza imbere.Umusaruro wa aluminium electrolytike ukoresha ingufu nyinshi.Ugereranije n’umusaruro ungana wa aluminiyumu ya electrolytike, umusaruro wa toni 1 ya aluminiyumu yongeye gukoreshwa uhwanye no kuzigama toni 3,4 z’amakara asanzwe, metero kibe 14 z’amazi, na toni 20 z’imyanda ihumanya.
Inganda ya kabiri ya aluminiyumu iri mu cyiciro cy’umutungo w’ubukungu n’ubukungu buzenguruka, kandi yashyizwe ku rutonde nkinganda zashishikarijwe, zifasha imishinga itanga umusaruro kubona inkunga ya politiki y’igihugu mu rwego rwo kwemeza imishinga, gutera inkunga no gukoresha ubutaka.Muri icyo gihe kandi, Leta yashyizeho politiki iboneye yo guteza imbere ibidukikije ku isoko, gusukura inganda zujuje ibyangombwa mu nganda za kabiri za aluminiyumu, no gukuraho ubushobozi bw’umusaruro wasubiye inyuma mu nganda, bikuraho inzira y’iterambere ryiza ry’inganda za kabiri za aluminium.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nyakanga-21-2022